C2Challenging · 12 min read · 1271 words

El idioma que nos dieron

The Language They Gave Us

In Malabo, a young radio scriptwriter is asked to smooth her grandmother's Spanish into a foreign consultant's idea of what correct Spanish should sound like.

Topics

  • language and identity
  • equatorial guinea
  • colonial legacy
  • radio and media

Tap or hover any underlined word for its English meaning.

Listen to the story

Learner-paced · Spanish

What you'll encounter

Grammar
Concessive and adversative constructions carrying irresolvable tension (aunque fuera veladamente, sin embargo), Free indirect style blending narration with a character's unspoken judgment (pensó, sin decirlo, que...), Layered subjunctive after volition, doubt, and purpose in formal institutional register, Passive and impersonal constructions typical of bureaucratic register (se emitió, se archivó)
Vocabulary
Broadcasting and linguistic vocabulary (locución, normativa, armonización, guion), Postcolonial and sociolinguistic vocabulary (variedad, herencia colonial, prestigio lingüístico), Idiomatic expressions (de igual a igual, veladamente, por así decirlo)
Language skills
Recognizing how narrative can dramatize a linguistic and political idea without stating a thesis outright, Distinguishing formal narration from directly quoted institutional dialogue, Interpreting an ending that resolves one scene while leaving the larger tension open

Melania Ndongo llevaba tres años escribiendo guiones para Radio Ébano, la única emisora de Malabo dedicada por completo a programas culturales, cuando llegó la carta que anunciaba la visita de un consultor lingüístico enviado por una fundación española que financiaba, desde hacía una década, buena parte del equipo técnico de la radio. La carta hablaba de «armonización» y de «estándares de calidad locutiva», palabras que a Melania, nada más leerlas, le sonaron a algo que ya había escuchado antes con otro nombre.

Show English
Melania Ndongo had spent three years writing scripts for Radio Ébano, Malabo's only station devoted entirely to cultural programming, when the letter arrived announcing the visit of a linguistic consultant sent by a Spanish foundation that had funded, for the past decade, much of the station's technical equipment. The letter spoke of 'harmonization' and 'broadcast quality standards,' words that, the moment she read them, sounded to Melania like something she had already heard before under a different name.

Su abuela, Bonifacia, había nacido en Baney, en la isla de Bioko, y hablaba un español que a Melania, de niña, le había parecido el único posible: uno en el que las palabras del bubi se colaban sin pedir permiso, en el que «bajar al pueblo» no era simplemente ir a un lugar más bajo, y en el que a los nietos se les llamaba, con una ternura que ningún diccionario recogía, . Fue solo en la universidad, en Madrid, donde alguien le señaló, entre risas que no pretendían ser crueles pero lo eran, que ese español «no era exactamente correcto».

Show English
Her grandmother, Bonifacia, had been born in Baney, on the island of Bioko, and spoke a Spanish that had seemed to Melania, as a child, like the only kind there was: one in which Bubi words slipped in without asking permission, in which 'going down to town' wasn't simply about elevation, and in which grandchildren were called, with a tenderness no dictionary recorded, muanas. It was only at university, in Madrid, that someone pointed out to her, amid laughter that wasn't meant to be cruel but was, that this Spanish 'wasn't exactly correct.'

El consultor, un hombre de Valladolid llamado Ernesto Bailén, no era antipático, lo cual complicaba las cosas más de lo que las habría complicado un villano evidente. Llegó con un manual de estilo de noventa páginas, elaborado, según explicó en la primera reunión, para que la radio pudiera «aspirar a una difusión internacional» y «dialogar con las grandes emisoras del mundo hispanohablante». Nadie, en la sala, le preguntó a qué mundo se refería exactamente, aunque todos sospechaban la respuesta.

Show English
The consultant, a man from Valladolid named Ernesto Bailén, wasn't unpleasant, which complicated matters more than an obvious villain would have. He arrived with a ninety-page style manual, drawn up, as he explained at the first meeting, so the station could 'aspire to international reach' and 'speak as equals with the great stations of the Spanish-speaking world.' No one in the room asked him exactly which world he meant, though everyone suspected the answer.

El primer guion que Melania entregó tras la llegada de Bailén volvió con once correcciones en rojo. Había escrito, siguiendo la costumbre de toda la radio, que una entrevistada «vacilaba mucho con sus nietos» para decir que disfrutaba de su compañía, y Bailén había tachado la frase con una nota al margen: «vacilar no significa eso en español». Melania se quedó mirando la palabra «español», sin el adjetivo que le habría gustado añadirle, y no dijo nada.

Show English
The first script Melania handed in after Bailén's arrival came back with eleven corrections in red. Following the custom of the entire station, she had written that an interviewee 'vacilaba a lot with her grandchildren' to mean she enjoyed their company, and Bailén had crossed out the phrase with a note in the margin: 'vacilar doesn't mean that in Spanish.' Melania found herself staring at the word 'Spanish,' without the adjective she would have liked to add to it, and said nothing.

Cuando Melania le preguntó, con la mayor cortesía que pudo reunir, si «vacilar» no podía significar, sencillamente, dos cosas distintas según quién lo dijera, Bailén no se mostró hostil. Al contrario: le explicó, con la paciencia de quien ha dado esa misma respuesta muchas veces, que el objetivo no era negar la riqueza local, sino garantizar que un oyente de Bogotá, de Madrid o de Buenos Aires entendiera exactamente lo mismo al escuchar la radio. «No se trata de borrar nada», dijo, «se trata de que todos hablemos un idioma que nos entienda a todos.» Melania pensó, sin decirlo, que ese idioma nunca parecía ser el suyo el que había que ajustar.

Show English
When Melania asked him, with all the courtesy she could muster, whether 'vacilar' couldn't simply mean two different things depending on who said it, Bailén didn't turn hostile. On the contrary: he explained, with the patience of someone who has given that same answer many times, that the goal wasn't to erase local richness, but to guarantee that a listener in Bogotá, Madrid, or Buenos Aires understood exactly the same thing when tuning in. 'It's not about erasing anything,' he said. 'It's about all of us speaking a language that can be understood by everyone.' Melania thought, without saying so, that this language never seemed to be the one that had to be adjusted.

El manual de Bailén no se limitaba, por supuesto, al guion de Melania. En las semanas siguientes, la mitad de los locutores de Radio Ébano encontraron sus textos devueltos con marcas parecidas: aquí una construcción verbal señalada como «calco», allá una palabra de origen fang sustituida por su equivalente peninsular, entre paréntesis, «por claridad». Nadie se quejó abiertamente. La fundación pagaba los sueldos de casi todo el personal técnico, y en una isla donde las emisoras independientes cerraban una tras otra por falta de anunciantes, la palabra «claridad» resultaba, de pronto, muy difícil de discutir en voz alta.

Show English
Bailén's manual, of course, wasn't limited to Melania's script. In the following weeks, half of Radio Ébano's broadcasters found their texts returned with similar marks: here a verbal construction flagged as a 'calque,' there a word of Fang origin swapped for its peninsular equivalent, in parentheses, 'for clarity.' No one complained openly. The foundation paid the salaries of nearly all the technical staff, and on an island where independent stations were closing one after another for lack of advertisers, the word 'clarity' suddenly proved very hard to argue with out loud.

Cristóbal Ondó, el otro guionista de la emisora, reaccionó de forma distinta. En una reunión, se ofreció a revisar personalmente los guiones de sus compañeros «antes de que llegaran a Bailén», convencido de que dominar cuanto antes la nueva normativa era la mejor manera de asegurarse un puesto cuando la fundación decidiera, más adelante, a quién recomendar para las becas de formación en Madrid. Melania no lo culpaba del todo. Sabía que la ambición de Cristóbal no era tan distinta de su propio miedo: los dos, a su manera, estaban calculando cuánto de sí mismos podían permitirse perder.

Show English
Cristóbal Ondó, the station's other scriptwriter, reacted differently. At one meeting, he offered to personally review his colleagues' scripts 'before they reached Bailén,' convinced that mastering the new guidelines as quickly as possible was the best way to secure a position when the foundation later decided whom to recommend for training scholarships in Madrid. Melania didn't entirely blame him. She knew Cristóbal's ambition wasn't so different from her own fear: both of them were, in their own way, calculating how much of themselves they could afford to lose.

Semanas antes de la llegada de Bailén, Melania había grabado a su abuela para un programa sobre memoria oral, «Voces de siempre», pensado para emitirse una vez al mes. Bonifacia, con ochenta y un años y una memoria que parecía guardar cada tarde de su vida por separado, había hablado durante cuarenta minutos sobre la independencia, sobre los maestros cubanos que le habían enseñado a leer, sobre un huracán que nunca llegó a serlo del todo pero que la gente de Baney seguía llamando así. Melania transcribió la grabación palabra por palabra, decidida a no cambiar ni una coma.

Show English
Weeks before Bailén's arrival, Melania had recorded her grandmother for a program on oral memory, 'Voices of Always,' meant to air once a month. Bonifacia, eighty-one years old and possessed of a memory that seemed to keep every afternoon of her life filed separately, had talked for forty minutes about independence, about the Cuban teachers who had taught her to read, about a hurricane that never quite became one but that the people of Baney still called by that name. Melania transcribed the recording word for word, determined not to change a single comma.

Entre las cosas que había dicho aquella tarde, había una frase que a Melania se le quedó grabada más que ninguna otra. Hablando de los años posteriores a la independencia, cuando llegaron los primeros maestros enviados desde Cuba, Bonifacia recordaba que uno de ellos, un hombre de Camagüey, se había reído de su acento la primera semana y había dejado de hacerlo la segunda, «porque entendió», decía ella, «que el que hablaba raro allí era él, no yo». Melania pensó que su abuela llevaba sesenta años dando, sin saberlo, la misma lección que ahora nadie en la radio parecía dispuesto a aprender.

Show English
Among the things Bonifacia had said that afternoon, one line stuck with Melania more than any other. Talking about the years after independence, when the first teachers sent from Cuba arrived, Bonifacia recalled that one of them, a man from Camagüey, had laughed at her accent the first week and stopped doing so the second, 'because he understood,' she said, 'that the one who talked funny there was him, not me.' Melania thought that her grandmother had spent sixty years quietly teaching the very lesson no one at the station now seemed willing to learn.

Fue precisamente ese guion, el de su abuela, el que su jefa de programación le devolvió con la recomendación de «adaptarlo a la nueva normativa antes de emitirlo», dado que la fundación revisaría, a partir de ese mes, una muestra aleatoria de los programas grabados. No era una orden directa, pero Melania entendía de sobra el peso que tenían las recomendaciones cuando venían acompañadas, aunque fuera , del nombre de quien firmaba los cheques.

Show English
It was precisely that script, her grandmother's, that her programming director sent back with the recommendation to 'adapt it to the new guidelines before broadcasting it,' since the foundation would, starting that month, review a random sample of recorded programs. It wasn't a direct order, but Melania understood all too well the weight a recommendation carried when it came, even if only veiledly, backed by the name of whoever signed the checks.

Melania no era ingenua ni especialmente valiente, y lo sabía. Pensó en las tres primas que dependían, indirectamente, de su sueldo. Pensó también en Bailén, que probablemente ni siquiera recordaría, dentro de un año, el nombre de la señora cuyo español había corregido. Y pensó, sobre todo, en su abuela, que jamás sabría que una grabación suya había estado a punto de emitirse traducida, , a un idioma que ella nunca había hablado.

Show English
Melania wasn't naive, nor especially brave, and she knew it. She thought of her three cousins who depended, indirectly, on her salary. She thought, too, of Bailén, who probably wouldn't even remember, a year from now, the name of the woman whose Spanish he had corrected. And she thought, above all, of her grandmother, who would never know that a recording of hers had come close to being broadcast translated, so to speak, into a language she had never spoken.

No se enfrentó a Bailén, ni a su jefa, ni a la fundación. Hizo algo más modesto, y bastante menos heroico de lo que le habría gustado admitir: entregó el guion sin tocar una sola palabra, lo archivó junto con las otras doscientas horas de grabaciones que nadie, en la práctica, iba a revisar una por una, y confió en que la avalancha de audios pendientes bastara para que el de su abuela pasara inadvertido. No era una victoria. Era, como mucho, una manera de ganar tiempo sin tener que decidir, todavía, qué estaba dispuesta a perder.

Show English
She didn't confront Bailén, or her boss, or the foundation. She did something more modest, and considerably less heroic than she would have liked to admit: she handed in the script without touching a single word, filed it away among the other two hundred hours of recordings that, in practice, no one was going to review one by one, and trusted that the sheer backlog of pending audio would be enough for her grandmother's to go unnoticed. It wasn't a victory. It was, at most, a way of buying time without having to decide, yet, what she was willing to lose.

El programa se emitió sin que nadie, aparentemente, lo notara. Bailén se marchó dos meses después, con su manual ya aprobado y varios guiones más corregidos en rojo, convencido de haber dejado la radio mejor de lo que la había encontrado. Melania nunca supo si alguien, en la fundación, había escuchado realmente la voz de su abuela diciendo bajar al pueblo, ni si a alguien, allí, le habría importado.

Show English
The program aired without anyone, apparently, noticing. Bailén left two months later, his manual approved and several more scripts corrected in red, convinced he had left the station better than he'd found it. Melania never found out whether anyone at the foundation had actually heard her grandmother's voice saying 'go down to town,' or whether, if they had, anyone there would have cared.

Lo que sí supo, meses después, fue que su abuela había empezado a pedirle que le pusiera la grabación de vez en cuando, no para escucharse a sí misma, sino, según decía, para «oír cómo hablaba antes de que se me olvide». Melania nunca le explicó la historia completa del manual ni de Bailén ni de las doscientas horas de cinta. Se limitaba a darle al play y a sentarse a su lado, seguramente porque algunas batallas, pensaba, se ganaban mejor en silencio, y otras, sencillamente, no se ganaban, solo se sobrevivían.

Show English
What she did learn, months later, was that her grandmother had started asking her to play the recording every so often, not to listen to herself, but, as she put it, 'to hear how I used to talk before I forget.' Melania never explained to her the whole story of the manual, or of Bailén, or of the two hundred hours of tape. She simply pressed play and sat beside her, probably because some battles, she thought, are better won in silence, and others simply aren't won at all, only survived.
Show English translation

Melania Ndongo had spent three years writing scripts for Radio Ébano, Malabo's only station devoted entirely to cultural programming, when the letter arrived announcing the visit of a linguistic consultant sent by a Spanish foundation that had funded, for the past decade, much of the station's technical equipment. The letter spoke of 'harmonization' and 'broadcast quality standards,' words that, the moment she read them, sounded to Melania like something she had already heard before under a different name.

Her grandmother, Bonifacia, had been born in Baney, on the island of Bioko, and spoke a Spanish that had seemed to Melania, as a child, like the only kind there was: one in which Bubi words slipped in without asking permission, in which 'going down to town' wasn't simply about elevation, and in which grandchildren were called, with a tenderness no dictionary recorded, muanas. It was only at university, in Madrid, that someone pointed out to her, amid laughter that wasn't meant to be cruel but was, that this Spanish 'wasn't exactly correct.'

The consultant, a man from Valladolid named Ernesto Bailén, wasn't unpleasant, which complicated matters more than an obvious villain would have. He arrived with a ninety-page style manual, drawn up, as he explained at the first meeting, so the station could 'aspire to international reach' and 'speak as equals with the great stations of the Spanish-speaking world.' No one in the room asked him exactly which world he meant, though everyone suspected the answer.

The first script Melania handed in after Bailén's arrival came back with eleven corrections in red. Following the custom of the entire station, she had written that an interviewee 'vacilaba a lot with her grandchildren' to mean she enjoyed their company, and Bailén had crossed out the phrase with a note in the margin: 'vacilar doesn't mean that in Spanish.' Melania found herself staring at the word 'Spanish,' without the adjective she would have liked to add to it, and said nothing.

When Melania asked him, with all the courtesy she could muster, whether 'vacilar' couldn't simply mean two different things depending on who said it, Bailén didn't turn hostile. On the contrary: he explained, with the patience of someone who has given that same answer many times, that the goal wasn't to erase local richness, but to guarantee that a listener in Bogotá, Madrid, or Buenos Aires understood exactly the same thing when tuning in. 'It's not about erasing anything,' he said. 'It's about all of us speaking a language that can be understood by everyone.' Melania thought, without saying so, that this language never seemed to be the one that had to be adjusted.

Bailén's manual, of course, wasn't limited to Melania's script. In the following weeks, half of Radio Ébano's broadcasters found their texts returned with similar marks: here a verbal construction flagged as a 'calque,' there a word of Fang origin swapped for its peninsular equivalent, in parentheses, 'for clarity.' No one complained openly. The foundation paid the salaries of nearly all the technical staff, and on an island where independent stations were closing one after another for lack of advertisers, the word 'clarity' suddenly proved very hard to argue with out loud.

Cristóbal Ondó, the station's other scriptwriter, reacted differently. At one meeting, he offered to personally review his colleagues' scripts 'before they reached Bailén,' convinced that mastering the new guidelines as quickly as possible was the best way to secure a position when the foundation later decided whom to recommend for training scholarships in Madrid. Melania didn't entirely blame him. She knew Cristóbal's ambition wasn't so different from her own fear: both of them were, in their own way, calculating how much of themselves they could afford to lose.

Weeks before Bailén's arrival, Melania had recorded her grandmother for a program on oral memory, 'Voices of Always,' meant to air once a month. Bonifacia, eighty-one years old and possessed of a memory that seemed to keep every afternoon of her life filed separately, had talked for forty minutes about independence, about the Cuban teachers who had taught her to read, about a hurricane that never quite became one but that the people of Baney still called by that name. Melania transcribed the recording word for word, determined not to change a single comma.

Among the things Bonifacia had said that afternoon, one line stuck with Melania more than any other. Talking about the years after independence, when the first teachers sent from Cuba arrived, Bonifacia recalled that one of them, a man from Camagüey, had laughed at her accent the first week and stopped doing so the second, 'because he understood,' she said, 'that the one who talked funny there was him, not me.' Melania thought that her grandmother had spent sixty years quietly teaching the very lesson no one at the station now seemed willing to learn.

It was precisely that script, her grandmother's, that her programming director sent back with the recommendation to 'adapt it to the new guidelines before broadcasting it,' since the foundation would, starting that month, review a random sample of recorded programs. It wasn't a direct order, but Melania understood all too well the weight a recommendation carried when it came, even if only veiledly, backed by the name of whoever signed the checks.

Melania wasn't naive, nor especially brave, and she knew it. She thought of her three cousins who depended, indirectly, on her salary. She thought, too, of Bailén, who probably wouldn't even remember, a year from now, the name of the woman whose Spanish he had corrected. And she thought, above all, of her grandmother, who would never know that a recording of hers had come close to being broadcast translated, so to speak, into a language she had never spoken.

She didn't confront Bailén, or her boss, or the foundation. She did something more modest, and considerably less heroic than she would have liked to admit: she handed in the script without touching a single word, filed it away among the other two hundred hours of recordings that, in practice, no one was going to review one by one, and trusted that the sheer backlog of pending audio would be enough for her grandmother's to go unnoticed. It wasn't a victory. It was, at most, a way of buying time without having to decide, yet, what she was willing to lose.

The program aired without anyone, apparently, noticing. Bailén left two months later, his manual approved and several more scripts corrected in red, convinced he had left the station better than he'd found it. Melania never found out whether anyone at the foundation had actually heard her grandmother's voice saying 'go down to town,' or whether, if they had, anyone there would have cared.

What she did learn, months later, was that her grandmother had started asking her to play the recording every so often, not to listen to herself, but, as she put it, 'to hear how I used to talk before I forget.' Melania never explained to her the whole story of the manual, or of Bailén, or of the two hundred hours of tape. She simply pressed play and sat beside her, probably because some battles, she thought, are better won in silence, and others simply aren't won at all, only survived.

Vocabulary in this story

muanas
an affectionate, Bantu-derived term her family used for grandchildren
de igual a igual
as equals, on equal footing
veladamente
in a veiled, indirect way
por así decirlo
so to speak
Comprensión(check what you understood)

Answer a few quick questions about the story. This is just for you: there's no account or score saved.

1. ¿Por qué le molesta a Melania la corrección que Bailén hace de la palabra «vacilar»?
2. ¿Qué revela la actitud de Bailén hacia el proyecto de «armonización» lingüística?
3. ¿Qué pone en juego, concretamente, el programa «Voces de siempre» con la grabación de la abuela?
4. ¿Cómo decide actuar finalmente Melania frente a la recomendación de «adaptar» el guion de su abuela?
5. ¿Qué sugiere el final de la historia sobre el resultado del conflicto más amplio entre las dos formas de hablar español?